Full text of “Guide to foreign trade statistics.”

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

In addition, the comparison of data on U. These distortions may result from the availability of detailed data for undocumented exports to Canada which were previously estimated only at the total level. Distortions also may result from the changeover to the Harmonized System effective with the January 1 statistics. When publication of data under a particular commodity classification causes disclosure of an individual firm’s trans- actions on a world-wide basis, it is sometimes necessary to combine several classifications into one.

Even though the detail is reported it is published under the combined clas- sification, usually a pseudo classification. Country Designation Statistics tend to be overcounted for shipments to transshipment countries such as Hong Kong and the Neth- erlands and undercounted for other countries. Further, since the export statistics reflect the country of destination only as known to the exporter at time of shipment, the statistics will not reflect any further distributions of the merchandise made after the shipment leaves the United States.

Quantity When the statistics disclose a particular company’s shipments of a particular commodity to or from a specific country, it may be necessary to suppress quantity data. Similarly, when disclosure occurs on a world-wide basis, it may be necessary to suppress quantity data for shipments of one commodity to or from all countries. Customs District Statistics for two or more Customs Districts may be combined and published under an arbitrary designation or shipping weight may be excluded from an individual Cus- toms District as a solution to disclosure situations.

Conse- quently, statistics for individual ports may be understated due to the suppression of the weight of the affected commodities. State Data The term “Not Specified” represents instances where exporters have reported more than one state of origin or where the designation “US” has been reported. Transac- tions originating in a Foreign Trade Zone for which no number or State designation is reported also are included under “Not Specified”. Other designations are “Re-exports”, “Estimated Ship- ments,” and “Unreported”.

Those shipments designated as “Re-exports” foreign exports are exports having a foreign country as the point of origin. The “Unreported” designation includes those cases where either no state of origin was reported or an undecipherable abbreviation was reported.

See the section entitled “Low-Valued Statistics” for a discussion of such shipments. These revisions will appear only in the Summary of U. Revisions to the import and export statistics in the form of errata are issued quarterly and are available free of charge upon request. These errata provide corrections to statistics issued in prior months’ foreign trade reports.

The data are presented by statistical month in commod- ity number arrangement only. The revisions are shown in commodity classification by country by Customs district order as net amounts to be added to or subtracted from the previously issued statistics. Shipments by all meth- ods of transportation combined are reflected. There are no separate data for shipments by vessel or by air. Annually, the Bureau of the Census publishes revised merchandise trade statistics for the prior year.

These revisions include import and export data adjusted to eliminate carryover that small portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the trans- action month. Reflected also in these statistics are the application of quarterly errata and other corrections to the published monthly data.

The initial release of the statistics FT and certain reports include special announcements as warranted to call attention to the discovery of large or significant errors and to provide information on the appropriate data corrections and program changes. The Census Bureau receives revisions from Canada, however, our process does not permit corrections to detail for data previously published.

Therefore, the Bureau will make corrections for prior period transactions as changes to the cumulative-to-date total for U. The cost of the special work required to compile or duplicate the information from the basic data is charged to the subscriber.

There is a wide range in the costs for Census Bureau data made available to users, depending on the methods used and other factors. Foreign Trade Division FTD has implemented a number of improvements which provide quicker and better access to summary and detail trade data.

These data sources have provided the means to create customized responses and special reports for data users and customers for nominal fees. At any given time, the latest four statistical months’ and year-to-date data are accessible. The following programs which provide “standardized” reports are pro- vided: IM U.

General Imports see figure 1. Quantity, customs, and c. Vessel and air data are available. Current month and cumulative January to date.

IM U. Imports for Consumption. Customs value and calculated duty are provided. EM U. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchan- dise. Presents harmonized Schedule B commod- ity by country of destination by customs district of exportation. Quantity, and f. Cur- rent month and cumulative January to date. Figure 1. Report IM Page No. Requests for reports from earlier discs back to September 1 will be handled by Branch staff upon request.

The first SITC database provides all months of the current statistical year and year-to-date trade data. The database access programs are written for the user to access immediately on a display screen or to generate printed listings or computer files.

The programs allow the user to create “custom” reports by selecting variable column headings. Reports can be generated using the following fields for any selected months or year-to-date: U. Exports Domestic f. General Imports Customs value C. The reverse is also available. The user may create reports selecting any level of the SITC and then for any or all countries.

This variable field and stub selec- tion option in the program allows for many “custom” reports. Figure 2. Data is available as hard copy printed reports or as computer files. Fax service is also an option for the data user. End-Use Commodity Category Classification Databases End-use commodity category classification databases and access computer programs have been developed and are available on the FTD network for division staff to produce hard copy reports, and computer files.

The first End-use database provides all months of the current and previous statistical years and year-to-date trade data See figure 3.

The second adds an option to generate a report for a specific country. The database presents data for each month for the current statistical year and all months of the previous year.

Year-to-date data is available for both years. The database access programs are written for the user to access imme- diately on a display screen or to generate printed listings or computer files. Reports can be generated using the following fields for any selected months or year-to-date: General imports customs or c. Exports by State Database A U. The program provides options to produce various “standardized” reports for annual data for years through The user may produce reports for exports from any or all states to any or all countries by two-digit SIC See Figure 4.

Various world area groupings are also available. Exports by State Report Page No. Reports are available to data users on a fee basis from the Trade Data Services Branch. Imports Databank Database HTSUSA A computer program has been written to access the current and previous months imports databank database and is available on the FTD network for division staff to produce hard copy reports, computer files and electronic fax files.

The database also includes cumulative data. The following programs which provide “standardized” reports are pro- vided: IM1 45 U. Current and prior months and cumu- lative January to date. Current and prior months and cumulative January to date.

Figure 5. Imports Report Page No. Country and district level data are available, but method of transporta- tion data are not. Depending upon the data user’s requirements for special reports, generating these reports can be very expensive.

Data is available as hard copy printed reports, or computer files. Fax service is also an option for the data user See Figure 6. Figure 6. Total exports, F. The statistics are released in publications, hard copy reports, compact disc, and computer tape after 1 , no products are available on microfiche.

Merchandise Trade This report presents the highly publicized import and export figures released by the Bureau of the Census each month about 45 days after the statistical month covered. It is available on a subscription basis and contains informa- tion on domestic and foreign exports and general imports of merchandise by selected country and selected commod- ity groupings with merchandise trade balance by month and cumulative January to date.

A supplement is released one or two days after the FT release. Merchandise Trade: Selected Highlights Effective with data for December 1 , annual 1 totals this hard copy monthly report became available on a subscription basis through the Foreign Trade Division. The report contains a series of tables which provide information on exports, general imports and imports for consumption. The tables include data on U. Begin- ning with 1 , an annual edition will be issued which will include corrections to previously published data and elimi- nate “carry-over” that portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the transaction month.

This report presents both customs and c. Exports are pre- sented using f. Table 1 shows monthly and year-to-date value of exports, general imports, and imports for consumption by one-, two-, three-, four-, digit SITC commodity groupings.

Table 2 presents monthly and year-to-date value of exports and general imports by five-digit SITC commodity by country. Waterborne Exports and General Imports This monthly printed report is available on a subscription basis through the Foreign Trade Division. The report pre- sents information in terms of type of vessel service, U.

An annual version is also issued. Data for quantity and unit of quantity is provided. The report presents exports f. The sort for the report is Schedule B commodity by country. FT U. Trade with Puerto Rico and U. Possessions This report is prepared monthly and extracts are offered through the Foreign Trade Division.

An annual publication is offered through the Government Printing Office. This report shows each territory by commodity, net quantity, value, vessel value and shipping weight, and air value and ship- ping weight information. This report presents customs value information for general imports in terms of the SITC commodity classification. Exports are presented using f. The sort for table 1 is country by three-digit SITC commodity. Table 2 contains exports by country by two-digit SITC, including vessel and air totals.

Table 3 contains general imports by country by two-digit SITC, including vessel and air totals. This report presents both exports and general imports in the same tables.

Data are presented for customs and c. Imports for Consump- tion are presented for customs value. The sort for the publication is six-digit HS commodity by country. The report presents information by district and port for number of entrances and clearances, net registered tonnage, and flag U. Import and Export trade reports.

The cost is based on providing data in units of 1 to 1 commodity classification code numbers within each of the following formats. Imports for Consumption Presents har- monized TSUSA commodity, country of ori- gin, customs district of entry, quantity, cus- toms value and calculated duty. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Mer- chandise Presents harmonized Schedule B commodity, country of destination, customs district of exportation, quantity, and f.

Current month and cumulative Janu- ary to date. Beginning with the December discs, basic access software is included on each disc. CDEX yr-mo U. Exports of. Each disc includes current month and cumulative year- to-date exports data. The following files are included on each disc: Detail Database This file provides the international harmonized Schedule B code at the two, four, and six digit levels and their descriptions.

Country Name Database This file provides Schedule C country codes and their descriptions and abbreviations. District Database This file provides customs district codes and their descrip- tions and abbreviations. For each HS commodity by country by district of expor- tation record, data are provided for country, commodity and district descriptions, number of records, quantity, unit of quantity, f.

Commodity Summary Database For each HS commodity, data are provided for commod- ity descriptions, number of records, quantity, unit of quan- tity, f. Country Summary Database For each country, data are provided for country descrip- tions, number of records, f.

District of Export Summary Database For each district, data are provided for district of expor- tation description, number of records, f. Each disc includes current month and cumulative year- to-date import data. The following files are included on each disc: Detail Database For each HS commodity by country by district of entry and district of unlading record, data are provided for country, commodity and district descriptions, country sub- code, rate provision, number of records, quantity, unit of quantity, general imports and imports for consumption values both customs and c.

Commodity Summary Database For each HS commodity, data are provided for commod- ity descriptions, number of records, quantity, unit of quan- tity, general imports and imports for consumption values both customs and c. Country Summary Database This file is included to provide the concordances among the various merchandise trade classification systems, HS Schedule B with alphabetical description , SITC code, end-use classification.

Standard Industrial Classification code, and agriculture or non-agriculture product code. For each country, data are provided for country descrip- tions, number of records, quantity, unit of quantity, general imports and imports for consumption values both customs and c. District of Unlading Summary Database For each district, data are provided for district of unlad- ing description, number of records, dutiable value, calcu- lated duty, general imports and imports for consumption values both customs and c.

Harmonized Commodity Masters, Imports Concordance Database This file is included to provide the concordances among the various merchandise trade classification systems, HTSUSA with alphabetical description , SITC code, end-use classi- fication, Standard Industrial Classification code, and agri- culture or non-agriculture product code.

IM Data Bank U. It includes the following data items: type, rate provision, quantity, shipping weight, method of transportation and separate value data customs, c. An annual IA is also available. EM Data Bank U. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise The tape presents Schedule B commodity code by country of destination by customs district of exportation.

It includes the following data items: quantity, shipping weight, method of transportation and f. An annual EA is also available.

EM Shipments of Merchandise Between the United States and Puerto Rico and Shipments from the United States to the Virgin Islands This magnetic tape report contains current month total net quantity, value information, and value and shipping weight data for vessel and air shipments for each territory in commodity by customs district detail.

There is also an annual EA magnetic tape prepared. EQ91 2 U. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise by State This magnetic tape is produced quarterly and presents export data by State of exportation, by two-digit SIC commodity code, and country of destination.

Data items provided are total value and separate value and shipping weight for vessel and air shipments, and value and ship- ping weight for containerized cargo.

An annual tape EA91 7 is also produced. EQ U. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise by Region This magnetic tape is produced quarterly and presents export data by region of exportation by four-digit SITC, Revision 3 commodity code, by customs district and port of exportation, by country of destination.

An annual tape EA is also produced. The following data items are provided: shipping weight, customs value, import charges, and percentage of containerized and noncontainerized cargo. This report also includes inbound intransit shipments. TM U. The following data items are provided: shipping weight, f. This report also includes outbound intransit shipments. In alphabetical vessel name arrangement. Part 2.

In Customs district, port and manifest number arrangement. This magnetic tape presents date, channel, vessel name, flag, type service, rig, net registered tonnage, type of cargo, type vessel, vessel code, draft, and serial number. Trade and Employment Publication This quarterly publication, which was started in the first quarter of , measures the changes in U.

The Bureau of the Census produces the publication by combining the employ- ment data provided by BLS with the import and export data produced at the Bureau of the Census. Foreign Trade Division puts the entire monthly U. Customers are billed for time used on the systems, but no extra charge is made for access to the census data. Information on economic growth, inflation, monetary and fiscal policy, and foreign trade is regularly made available to EBB subscribers.

Foreign Trade data files include: 1. Merchandise Trade – digit Harmonized Com- modity totals by chapter quantity, unit of quantity and value only are provided , country totals, and district totals. Subscribers pay a low annual registration fee, which provides two hours of connect time on the EBB; thereafter, a low per-minute charge accrues.

You can try out the EBB by dialing with your personal computer com- munications software and entering “Guest” when prompted for a user ID. Be sure to configure your communications software to 8-bit words, no parity, and one stop bit.

Established by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1 , the NTDB is the result of the Trade Act’s charge to the Secretary of Commerce and other federal agencies to assemble economic, demographic, social, and other statis- tics of the United States and other countries that are of use to “business firms that are engaged in export-related activities and to Federal and State agencies that promote exports.

Industrial Outlook; and many other data files, which comprise more than megabytes of information — enough to fill over 1 , floppy diskettes. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Analysis at Each monthly disc contains the complete data base, and includes user-friendly software that will make locating, extracting, and printing NTDB data a fast, simple process.

The NTDB software will support a color monitor and mouse. Special Reports and Services Foreign Trade Division FTD has implemented a number of improvements which provide quicker and better access to summary and detail trade data.

These data sources have provided the means to create customized responses and special reports for data users and custom- ers for nominal fees. Please contact FTD at the above address for more details. Merchandise Trade 5 ” 3 FT U. The Annual report will reflect “carry-over” that small portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the proper statistical month, and will include errata corrections to the monthly published data “Puerto Rico and U.

Possessions”— Annual. Merchandise Trade” Press Release -Monthly. Merchandise Trade: Selected Highlights” -Monthly. Waterborne Exports and General Imports” -Monthly. Exhibit 1. Details may not equal totals due to seasonal adjustment and rounding. R – Revised. Period January- December.. February- March January- December- January February- March January-November..

February- March Period lanuary February- March Fanuary The end-use petroleum products, however, include some products such as ethane, butane, benzene NOTE: The. The commodities in this exhibit are ranked on the month -to -month change within each major commodity grouping. Therefore, the order of commodities will change each month. R -Revised.

Industrial supplies and materials.. Nonmonetary gold Nuclear fuel materials Capital goods, except automotive.. Telecommunications equipment Civilian aircraft Auto, vehicles, parts and engines. Consumer goods nonfood , except automotive.. Details may not equal totals due to seasonal adjustment and rounding The commodities in this exhibit are ranked on the month -to -month change within each major commodity grouping.

Therefore, the order of commodities listed will change each month. Foods, feeds, and beverages Meat products Cane and beet sugar.. Fish and shellfish Industrial supplies and materials.. Crude Bauxite and aluminum Petroleum products, other Capital goods, except automotive- Civilian aircraft Automotive vehicles, parts and engines.

Consumer goods nonfood , except automotive- Apparel, household goods – cotton- Artwork, antiques, stamps, etc Other merchandise.. In millions of dollars. The values in this exhibit are subject to periodic change, reflecting revisions to the source information for the monthly deflators.

Details may not equal totals due to rounding. R — Revised. January- November.. January- November. January February Trade Balance , January- November January February.. Exports , Total energy— related petroleum products Crude petroleum Period Quantity thousands of barrels Value thousands of dollars Quantity thousands of barrels Barrels per day average Value thousands of dollars Unit price dollars January— December..

Exhibit R Revised. X Not Applicable. Z Less than one half unit of measurement shown. Item Total Developed.. Ctry’s 1 Timing adjustments.. Trade Balance November -8, November Imports 46, X Not applicable. Z Less tlian one half unit of measurement shown.

Exports and Imports 37, Dairy products; eggs Manufactured goods ADP equip. Chemicals — dyeing Chemicals – fertilizers Chemicals – inorganic Chemicals – medicinal Chemicals – organic Chemicals – plastics Details may not equal totals due to rounding and other statistical procedures. Domestic Agricultural products, total Livestock and livestock products Forestry products ,nspf. Origin of Movement of U. Separate FTZ total line is for reference only.

X not applicable. Z Less than one-half unit of measurement shown. Current month Cumulative to date. S Total 33, The state of origin of movement value totals for non- manufactured commodities usually reflect the state where the U. Geaeral Import! Country Net quantity in thousands of barrels Customs value in thousands of dollars C. Beverages and tobacco Crude materials, inedible except fuels 37, R – Revised Trade balance Customs Period c.

Exports F. Customs value C. Jaaaary— November Z Less than one- half unit of value shown. Republics of the former USSR for which data have been reported are listed separately in this Exhibit.

Exhibit 6. Developing Countries.. Eastern Europe, etc. Selected Asia Unidentified 2 -5, X X I 27, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. Western Europe – Andorra. Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina. Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark. Spain, Svalbard Jan Mayen Island. Include government and non-government shipments of merchandise.

Reflect the movement of goods to and from foreign countries into and out of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U. Virgin Islands and U. Exclude 1 shipments between U. Virgin Islands, and U. Armed Forces and diplomatic missions abroad for their own use, 3 U. Reflect the total arrival of merchandise from foreign countries that immediately entered consumption channels, warehouses or Foreign Trade Zones General Imports. Therefore, monthly data include actual month’s transactions as well as a small number of transactions for previous months.

The Census Bureau revises the aggregate seasonally adjusted current and constant dollar and unadjusted export, import and trade balance figures, as well as the End-use totals for the prior month. SITC and country detail data are not revised monthly. The timing adjustment shown in Exhibits 12 and 13 is the difference between monthly data as originally reported and as recompiled.

Periodic Large revisions to prior month data that significantly affect the trade balance are made in the year-to-date totals in any given monthly press release, with appropriate explanation in the text.

All exhibits are subject to correction. Annual Each year the import, export, and trade balance figures are revised to reflect corrections received subsequent to the monthly revision. Final revisions by month for were released on May 13, Export data are f. They are explained below: 1. Customs Import Value – U. Customs Service appraised value of merchandise; generally, the price paid for merchandise for export to the U. Import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing merchandise to the U.

Import Value – Customs value defined above plus freight, insurance and other charges excluding U. Import duties incurred in bringing merchandise from the exporting country to the first port of arrival in the United States.

Export Value – free alongside ship value of merchandise at the U. Canadian export data, on the other hand, are derived from import data compiled by the United States. Substitution of Canadian import data for U. The use of Canada’s import data to produce U. Coverage—Canadian imports are based on country of origin. Valuation– Canadian imports are valued at point of origin in the U.

However, all U. Canada requires inland freight to be reported. When it is not, an estimate of 4. Inland freight charges for May account for 4. Again, the aggregate U. For May , the average exchange rate is 1. This system describes and measures the characteristics of commodities traded.

Combining trade into approximately export and import end-use categories makes it possible to examine commodities according to their principal uses See Exhibits 5 and 6. These categories are used as the basis for computing the seasonal and working-day adjusted data. Imports of petroleum and petroleum products are adjusted for the length of the month. These adjusted data are then summed to the six end-use aggregates for publication Exhibits 4 and 8.

As with quarterly adjustments for six of the end-use categories which exhibit seasonality on a quarterly basis but not on a monthly basis. Because of the extremely variable movements of the data series for aircraft, users studying data trends may wish to analyze aircraft separately from other trade.

The seasonally adjusted three-month moving averages shown in Exhibit 2 are computed by summing the subject month, the two prior months, dividing by 3 and plotting at the subject month. The seasonal adjustment procedure is based on a model, which estimates the monthly movements as percentages above or below the general level of each end-use commodity series unlike other methods that redistribute the actual series values over the calendar year.

As a result, the sum of the seasonally adjusted monthly totals will differ slightly from the unadjusted calendar year total. This adjustment for price change is done at the lowast end-use level possible, then summed to the six published end-use aggregates.

The deflators are primarily based upon the monthly price indexes published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics using techniques developed for the National Income and Product Accounts by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Reexports are foreign merchandise entering the country as imports and which at the time of exportation are in substantially the same condition as when imported. Reexports, included in overall export totals, appear as separate line items in Exhibit The aggregation of the commodities results in a measure of advanced technology trade which appears in Exhibit This product and commodity-based measure of advanced technology differs from broader SIC industry-based measures which include all commodities produced by a particular industry group, regardless of the level of technology embodied in the commodities.

Data are arranged by principal commodity groupings. Agricultural commodities consist of non-marine food products and other products of agriculture which have not passed through complex processes of manufacture, such as raw hides and skins, fats and oils, and wine. A few commodities such as essential oils, starches, casein, and albumin, considered to be agricultural by the U.

Department of Agriculture, have been excluded from agriculture commodities and are included in manufactured goods where they are classified in the SITC. The FT and supplement are available through the following electronic bulletin boards.

Department of Commerce’s on-line facility. Dial via modem for additional subscription information. Merchandise Trade: Selected Highlights Table 1. Exports-Domestic and Foreign Merchandise U. CO LOU General Import s-U. General Imports-U. U KING.. U KING N ZEAL. Possessions Table 1. L PFL.. A PTS N. N ZEAL Waterborne Exports and General Imports U. Customs District and Port of Lading by Dry Cargo and Tanker Service See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of the export valuation, and sources of error in the data.

Totals represent sua of unrounded figures, hence nay vary slightly from rounded amounts. Customs district and port Shipping weight in millions of kilograms Grand Total Dry cargo Total domestic. HE Portland. HE Rockland. HE Jonesport. HE Searsport. HE Boston. HA Boston. HA Gloucester. HA New Bedford. HA Plymouth.

RI New York. NY New York. NY Albany. DE , Paulsboro. NJ Camden. NJ Gloucester City. HD Norfolk. VA 1 Norfolk. Data shorn represent domestic and foreign merchandise.

Export shipments of Special Category Cormodities are excluded from these data. See tables E See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of export valuation, and sources of error 1n the data. Totals represent sua of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sua of rounded amounts. East Coast Of South America West Coast Of South America France—Atlantic Region Germany— Atlantic Region US flag!

Coastal District Shipping weight in millions of kilograns. Data shown represent domestic and foreign merchandise. Export shipments of Special Category Commodities are excluded from these data. See Table E-2 for total cargo carried in liner service. See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of the export valuation, and sources of error in the data.

Totals represent sia of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sun of rounded amounts. East Coast Of South America.. West Coast Of South America.. Coastal District-Containerized Cargo Shipping weight in millions of kilograms.

Data shown represent domestic and foreign Merchandise. See Table E-Z for total cargo carried in liner service. Totals represent sum of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sum of rounded amounts.

Coastal District Shipping weight in Billions of kilograms. Export shipments of Special Category Coamdities are excluded from these data. Export shipments of Special Category Connodities are excluded from these data. Totals represent sum of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sun of rounded amounts. France — Atlantic Region Coastal District Shipping Height in Billions of kilogram;. Export shipments of Special Category Commodities are excluded fron these data. Totals represent sub of unrounded figures, hence nay vary slightly from sun of rounded amounts.

Persian Gulf, Red Sea See Table E-2 for total cargo carried In liner service. See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of the export valuation, and sources of error In the data. Totals represent sua of unrounded figures, hence nay vary slightly froa rounded amounts. HE Bar Harbor. HE Calais. HE Rockland, HE.. Searsport, HE. Boston, HA Boston. HA Gloucester, HA..

New Bedford. HA Fall River. MA Provincetown. MA Bridgeport, CT.. New Haven, CT Ilea London, CT.. Newport, RI New York, NY.. New York. HY Albany, NY.. Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia. Cambridge, HD Baltimore, HD Crisfield, HD Norfolk, VA 1 Norfolk. Data shown represent general inports of merchandise. See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of import valuation, and sources of error in the data.

Totals represent sun of unrounded figures, hence nay vary slightly fron sun of rounded amounts. Data sham represent general imports of merchandise. See table for total cargo carried in liner service. Totals represent sua of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sum of rounded amounts. France— Atlantic Region Germany—Atlantic Region Data shown represent general imports of merchandise. See Explanation of Statistics for Information on coverage, definition of import valuation, and sources of error in the data.

Nest Coast Of South America Coastal District Shipping weight in Millions of kilograms. Totals represent sib of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly fron sun of rounded amounts. Coastal District-Containerized Cargo Shipping weight in mil lions of kilograms. See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of import valuation.

Totals represent sua of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sun of rounded amounts. Red Sea Coastal District Shipping weight in millions of kilograms. Data shown represent general Inports of Merchandise.

See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of import valuation and sources of error in the data. Totals represent sun of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sun of rounded amounts.

See Explanation of Statistics for information on coverage, definition of inport valuation, and sources of error in the data. Totals represent sun of unrounded figures, hence may vary slightly from sua of rounded amounts.

The report provides data on eight special import programs that are not available in other data reports or products. The report provides current month and year- to- date data for quantity, U. Each monthly disc con- tains current month data as well as year-to-date informa- tion on each commodity.

Exports Commodity Classification Sched- ule B. The disc has user-friendly software which allows you quickly access the commodity number from commonly used names or key words in the descrip- tion of your product.

Type of File: Summary statistics. Universe Description: The universe is reported U. Virgin Islands to foreign countries. Subject-Matter Description: The file provides U. It contains quantity, value, and shipping weight by country of destination, customs district of exportation, and method of transportation.

Smaller files provide totals for commodity, country of destination, and U. Customs districts of exportation. These data are provided for current month and year-to-date. Geographic Coverage: Data are provided for Customs districts of exportation. There are 9 database files and 10 index files.

The database and index files provide information about detailed exports as well as information about commodities, countries, districts of exportation, and the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System HS. Reference Materials: U. Related Printed Reports: U.

Merchandise Trade FT and Supplement. This report presents U. Total exports, imports, and merchandise trade balances are shown for each month of the current and preceding calendar years.

This publication presents both customs and c. The publication also shows f. It includes both current month and year-to-date information. You may access the bulletin board using your modem on For information, the voice grade telephone number is The index files pertain to the database files as they are shown below.

To access each index, use the key listed with the index. Unique index file. This points only to the first occurrence of each key value.

Value, Current Month F. Value, Current Month FA. Virgin Islands from foreign countries. Subject-Matter Description: The file provides net quantity, value data all methods of transportation combined , value and shipping weight data for vessel and air shipments in terms of commodity by country of origin, by customs district of entry, by customs district of unlading, and by rate provision.

Smaller files provide totals for each commodity, totals for each country of origin, and totals for each customs district of entry and customs district of unlading. Geographic Coverage: Data are provided for countries of origin and customs districts of import for current month and year-to-date. There are 10 database files and 1 1 index files.

The database and index files provide information about detailed imports as well as information about commodities, countries, districts of entry, districts of unlading, and the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System HS.

One copy accompanies each order. There are 10 database files and 11 index files. Kincannon, Deputy Director John J. Turner, Jr. Adams, Chief Gerarld F. Barrett, Chief, Patricia 0. Fuellhart, Chief of its Technical Information Section. Ruby Lewis was coordinator for this document. James Clark of the Systems and Programming Branch provided technical support.

Word processing support was provided by Sylvia Nowlin. The file should be cited as follows: U. Let’s look at two different scenarios.

Here is a classic problem for a shipper filling out some required paperwork for the government probably a Shippers Export Declaration form.

It’s almost quitting time and you have to put a commodity code on this shipment classifying what kind of product your company is exporting. You know that the commodity code number for the product must be somewhere in some code book or manual that the government has.

Bilingual Glossary resolution restoration of diplomatic relations restoration of recognition right of legation safeguard safety zone salvage sanctions sealed bag seek political asylum self-defense self-determination self-preservation sever diplomatic relations show of force sister cities sister states situation sovereign equality sovereign state sovereignty special circumstances special diplomatic envoy specialized agency sphere of influence statement status quo strategic arms subjugation substantive diplomacy summit summit conference summit diplomacy superpower supervision.

Bilingual Glossary suspension suspension of recognition sustainable development sustainable use territorial integrity territorial jurisdiction the rebus sic stantibus clause the threat to peace theater of war through the proper channels to recall total diplomacy transit passage transit state transnational corporations travaux prparatoires trilateral trust territory trusteeship agreement unilateral unilateral act unilateral declaration universal peace use of force war crime war criminal win-win policy wrongful act zero-sum game air attach ambassador ambassador at large ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary.

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These questions have never been systematically studied, and it is a problem sui generis, to ask for regularities such as frequency distributions on each of the levels mentioned. But ultimately, these questions concern only the first degree of un- certainty, involving the qualitative decision as to the measuring units: given, we clearly distinguish these factors, and study them systematically, the next questions concern the quality of our data material: will the results be the same, and how, or in how far, will they systematically?

At this point, the im- portant distinction of types and tokens comes into play, and again the question must be, how, or in how far, the results depend upon a decision as to this point. Thus far, only language-intrinsic factors have been named, which possibly influence word length; and this enumeration is not even complete; other factors as the phoneme inventory size, the position in the sentence, the existence of suprasegmentals, etc.

And, finally, word length does of course not only depend on language-intrinsic factors, according to the synergetic schema represented in Table 1. More questions than answers, it seems. And this may well be the case. Asking a question is a linguistic process; asking a scientific question, is a also linguistic process, — and a scientific process at the same time.

The crucial point, thus, is that if one wants to arrive at a science of language, one must ask questions in such a way that they can be answered in the language of science. Koch ed. Faust; R. Harweg; W. Lehfeldt; G. Wienold eds. Altmann, Gabriel; Schwibbe, Michael H. Hildesheim etc. Bunge, Mario Scientific Research I. The Search for Systems. Berlin etc. Collinge, Neville E. Stuttgart, Koch, Walter A. Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. Struktur und Dynamik der Lexik. Rickert, Heinrich Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft.

Smith, Neilson Y. Snow, Charles P. Cambridge, Woodbury, NY. Windelband, Wilhelm Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft. Zipf, George K. Cambridge, Mass. An introduction to human ecology. Cam- bridge, Mass. Peter Grzybek ed.

Dordrecht: Springer, , pp. Historical roots The study of word length has an almost year long history: it was on August 18, , when Augustus de Morgan, the well-known English mathematician and logician — , in a letter to a friend of his, brought forth the idea of studying word length as an indicator of individual style, and as a possible factor in determining authorship.

Specifically, de Morgan concentrated on the number of letters per word and suspected that the average length of words in differ- ent Epistles by St. Paul might shed some light on the question of authorship; generalizing his ideas, he assumed that the average word lengths in two texts, written by one and the same author, though on different subjects, should be more similar to each other than in two texts written by two different individuals on one and the same subject cf.

Lord Thackerey, and John Stuart Mill. Figure 2. Still, Mendenhall concentrated on solely on word length, as he did in his follow-up study of , when he continued his earlier line of research, extend- ing it also to include selected passages from French, German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish texts. In fact, what Mendenhall basically did, was what would nowadays rather be called a frequency analysis, or frequency distribution analysis.

He personally was mainly attracted to the frequency distribution technique by its resemblance to spectroscopic analysis. Particularly as to the question of au- thorship, Williams emphasized that before discussing the possible significance of the Shakespeare—Bacon and the Shakespeare—Marlowe contro- versies, it is important to ask whether any differences, other than authorship, were involved in the calculations.

Grzybek et al. Thus, the least one would expect would be to count the number of sounds, or phonemes, per word; as a matter of fact, it would seem much more reasonable to measure word length in more immediate constituents of the word, such as syllables, or morphemes.

Yet, even today, there are no reliable systematic studies on the influence of the measuring unit chosen, nor on possible interrelations between them and if they exist, they are likely to be extremely language- specific. More often than not, the reason for this procedure is based on the statistical assumption that, from a well-defined sample, one can, with an equally well-defined degree of probability, make reliable inferences about some totality, usually termed population.

Now, for some linguistic questions, samples of words may be homogeneous — for example, this seems to be the case with letter frequencies cf. The very same, of course, has to be said about corpus analyses, since a corpus, from this point of view, is nothing but a quasi text. However, much of this criticism must then be directed towards contemporary research, too.

Particularly the last point mentioned above, leads to the next period in the history of word length studies. As can be seen, no attempt was made by Mendenhall to find a formal mathe- matical model, which might be able to describe or rather, theoretically model the frequency distribution. As a consequence, no objective comparison between empirical and theoretical distributions has been possible. In this respect, the work of a number of researchers whose work has only recently and, in fact, only partially been appreciated adequately, is of utmost im- portance.

These scholars have proposed particular frequency distribution mod- els, on the one hand, and they have developed methods to test the goodness of the results obtained.

Initially, most scholars have implicitly or explicitly shared the assumption that there might be one overall model which is able to represent a general theory of word length; more recently, ideas have been devel- oped assuming that there might rather be some kind of general organizational principle, on the basis of which various specific models may be derived.

The present treatment concentrates on the rise and development of such models. It goes without saying that without empirical data, such a discussion would be as useless as the development of theoretical models. Consequently, the following presentation, in addition to discussing relevant theoretical models, will also try to present the results of empirical research.

Studies of merely empirical orientation, without any attempt to arrive at some generalization, will not be mentioned, however — this deliberate concentration on theory may be an important explanation as to why some quite important studies of empirical orientation will be absent from the following discussion.

The first models were discussed as early as in the late s. Research then concentrated on two models: the Poisson distribution, and the geometric dis- tribution, on the other. Later, from the mids onwards, in particular the Poisson distribution was submitted to a number of modifications and gener- alizations, and this shall be discussed in detail below. The first model to be discussed at some length, here, is the geometric distribution which was sug- gested to be an adequate model by Elderton in Elderton — , who had published a book on Frequency-Curves and Correlation some decades before London , studied the frequency of word lengths in passages from English writers, among them Gray, Macaulay, Shakespeare, and others.

As opposed to Mendenhall, Elderton measured word length in the number of syllables, not letters, per word. His assumption was that the frequency distributions might follow the geometric distribution. It seems reasonable to take a closer look at this suggestion, since, histori- cally speaking, this was the first attempt ever made to arrive at a mathematical description of a word length frequency distribution.

Where are zero-syllable words, i. Table 2. Gray Elderton Number of Frequency of syllables x-syllable words xi fi pi 1 0.

Therefore, formula 2. The theoretical data, obtained by fitting the geometric distribution 2 to the empirical data from Table 2. Thus, with d. Therefore, the larger a sample, the more likely the deviations tend to be statistically significant. What is problematic about his approach is not so much that his attempt was only partly successful for some English texts; rather, it is the fact that the geometrical distribution is adequate to describe monotonously decreasing distributions only.

Analyzing randomly chosen lexical material from a Lithuanian dictionary, he found differences as to the distribution of root words and words with affixes. As an empirical test shows, the geometric distribution indeed turns out to be a good model. In order to test his hypothesis, he gives, by way of an example, the relative frequencies of a list of dictionary words taken from a Lithuanian-French dic- tionary, represented in Table 2.

The whole sample is thus arbitrarily divided into two portions, assuming that at a particular point of the data, there is a rupture in the material.

With regard to the data presented in Table 2. The approach as a whole thus implies that word length frequency would not be explained as an organic process, regulated by one overall mechanism, but as being organized by two different, overlapping mechanisms. In fact, this is a major theoretical problem: Given one accepts the suggested separation of different word types — i. Yet, this raises the question whether a unique, common model might not be able to model the Lithuanian data from Table 2.

In fact, as the re-analysis shows, there is such a model which may very well be fitted to the data; we are concerned, here, with the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson cf. What is more important, how- ever, is the fact that, in the case of the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution, no separate treatment of two more or less arbitrarily divided parts of the whole sample is necessary, so that in this case, the generation of word length follows one common mechanism.

His linguistic interests, to our knowledge, mainly concen- trated on the process of language development. Since the support of 2. By way of an example, his approach will be demonstrated here, with reference to three texts. These data shall be additionally analyzed here because they are a good example for showing that word length frequencies do not necessarily imply a monotonously decreasing profile cf.

The absolute frequencies fi , as presented by Cebanov , as well as the corresponding relative frequencies pi , are represented in Table 2. Let us demonstrate this with reference to the data from Parzival in Table 2. Well 5 As compared to the calculations above, the theoretical frequencies slightly differ, due to rounding effects. In Figure 2. As opposed to the approaches thus far discussed, these authors did not try to find a discrete distribution model; rather, they worked with continuous models, mainly the so-called lognormal model.

Herdan was not the first to promote this idea with regard to language. Before him, Williams , had applied it to the study of sentence length fre- quencies, arguing in favor of the notion that the frequency with which sentences of a particular length occur, are lognormally distributed. This assumption was brought forth, based on the observation that sentence length or word length frequencies do not seem to follow a normal distribution; hence, the idea of lognormality was promoted.

Later, the idea of word length frequencies being lognormally distributed was only rarely picked up, such as for example by Rus- sian scholar Piotrovskij and colleagues Piotrovskij et al. Generally speaking, the theoretical background of this assumption can be characterized as follows: the frequency distribution of linguistic units as of other units occurring in nature and culture often tends to display a right-sided asymmetry, i. One of the theoretical reasons for this can be seen in the fact that the variable in question cannot go beyond or remain below a particular limit; since it is thus characterized by a one-sided limitation in variation, the distribution cannot be adequately approximated by the normal distribution.

In other words: the left part of the distribution is stretched, and at the same time, the right part is compressed. Given the probability density function for the normal distribution as in 2. These two studies contain data on word length frequencies, the former 78, words of written English, the latter 76, words of spoken English. Thus, Herdan had the opportunity to do comparative analyses of word length frequencies measured in letters and phonemes.

In order to test his hypothesis as to the lognormality of the frequency distribution, Herdan confined himself to graphical techniques only. The most widely applied method in his time was the use of probability grids, with a logarithmically divided abscissa x-axis and the cumulative frequencies on the ordinate y- axis. If the resulting graph showed a more or less straight line, one regarded a lognormal distribution to be proven.

As can be seen from Figure 2. The latter had analyzed several French samples, among them the three picked up by Herdan in Figure 2. The corresponding graph is reproduced in Figure 2. In his book, he offered theoretical arguments for the lognormal distribution to be an adequate model Herdan However, Herdan did not do any comparative analyses as to the efficiency of the normal or the lognormal distribution, neither graphically nor statistically.

Therefore, both procedures shall be presented here, by way of a re-analysis of the original data. As far as graphical procedures are concerned, probability grids have been replaced by so-called P-P plots, today, which also show the cumulative pro- portions of a given variable and should result in a linear rise in case of normal distribution. By way of an example, Figure 2.

It can clearly be seen that there are quite some deviations for the lognor- mal distribution cf. What is even more important, however, is the fact that the deviations are clearly less expressed for the normal distribu- tion cf. Although this can, in fact, be shown for all three data samples mentioned above, we will concentrate on a statistical analysis of these observations. Furthermore, differences between normal and lognormal are minimal; in case of Manon Lescaut, the lognormal distribution is even worse than the normal distribution.

The same holds true, by the way, for the above-mentioned data presented by Piotrovskij et al. As a re-analysis of the data shows, this claim may not be upheld, however cf. However, as can be seen the deviation from the lognormal distribution is highly significant as well, and, strictly speaking, even greater compared to the normal distribution.

With regard to this negative finding, one may add the result of a further re-analysis, saying that in case of all three data samples discussed by Herdan, the binomial distribution can very well be fitted to the empirical data, with 0. Incidently, Michel arrived at the very same conclusion, in an exten- sive study on Old and New Bulgarian, as well as Old and new Greek material. He tested the adequacy of the lognormal distribution for the word length fre- quencies of the above-mentioned material on two different premises, basing his calculation of word length both on the number of letters per word, and on the number of syllables per word.

Additionally, and this is even more important in the given context, one must state that there are also major theoretical problems which arise in the context of the log- normal distribution as a possible model for word length frequencies: a. With this in mind, let us return to discrete models. The next historical step in the history of word length studies were the important theoretical and empirical analyses by Wilhelm Fucks, a German physician, whose theoretical models turned out to be of utmost importance in the s and s.

The Fucks Generalized Poisson Distribution 5. Cebanov in the late s. Interestingly enough, some years later the very same model — i.

Piotrowski et al. Furthermore, Fucks, in a number of studies, developed many important ideas on the general functioning not only of language, but of other human sign systems, too. In its most general form, this weighting generalization results in the following formula 2. For 2. As can be seen from equation 2. As was already mentioned above, the only model which met general ac- ceptance was the 1-displaced Poisson distribution.

It is no wonder, then, that the generalized model has practically not been discussed. Fucks Thus, his application of the 1-displaced Poisson distribution included studies on 1 the individual style of single authors, as well as on 2 texts from different authors either 2.

As an example of the study of individual texts, Figure 2. As can be seen from the dotted line in Figure 2. As to a comparison of two German authors, Rilke and Goethe, on the one hand, and two Latin authors, Sallust and Caesar, on the other, Figure 2. Again, the fitting of the 1-displaced Poisson distribution seems to be convincing. Yet, in re-analyzing his works, there remains at least one major problem: Fucks gives many characteristics of the specific distributions, starting from mean values and standard deviations up to the central moments, entropy etc.

Yet, there are hardly ever any raw data given in his texts, a fact which makes it impossible to check the results at which he arrived. Thus, one is forced to believe in the goodness of his fittings on the basis of his graphical impressions, only; and this drawback is further enhanced by the fact that there are no procedures which are applied to test the goodness of his fitting the 1-displaced Poisson distribution.

There is only one instance where Fucks presents at least the relative, though not the absolute frequencies of particular distributions in detail. Fucks a: 85ff. The relative frequencies are reproduced in Table 2. We will come back to these data throughout the following discussion, using them as exemplifying material. Being well aware of the fact that for each of the languages we are concerned with mixed data, we can ignore this fact, and see the data as a representation of a maximally broad spectrum of different empirical distributions which may be subjected to empirical testing.

As was mentioned above cf. Remembering that fitting is considered to be good in case of 0. Still, Fucks and many followers of his pursued the idea of the 1-displaced Poisson distribution as the most adequate model for word length frequencies.

Thus, one arrives at the curve in Figure 2. Fucks a: As can be seen with Fucks a: 88, f. And again, it would have been easy to run such a statistical test, calculating the co- efficient of determination R2 in order to test the adequacy of the theoretical curve obtained. Let us shortly discuss this procedure: in a nonlinear regression model, R 2 represents that part of the variance of the variable y, which can be explained by variable x. There are quite a number of more or less divergent formulae to calculate R2 cf.

Grotjahn , which result in partly significant differences. Usually, the following formula 2. Thus, for each empirical x i , we need both yi which can be obtained by the empirical values yi and the theoretical values b formula 2.

Still, there remains a major theoretical problem with the specific method chosen by Fucks in trying to prove the adequacy of the 1-displaced Poisson distribution: this problem is related to the method itself, i. Taking a second look at formula 2. To summarize, one has thus to draw an important conclusion: Due to the fact that Fucks did not apply any suitable statistics to test the goodness of fit for the 1-displaced Poisson distribution, he could not come to the point of explicitly stating that this model may be adequate in some cases, but is not acceptable as a general standard model.

Most of these subsequent studies concentrated on the 1-displaced Poisson distribution, as suggested by Fucks. In fact, work on the Poisson distribution is by no means a matter of the past.

Discussing and testing various distribution models, Rothschild did not find any one of the models he tested to be adequate. As was said above, Michel first found the lognormal distribution to be a completely inadequate model.

He then tested the 1-displaced Poisson distribution and obtained negative results as well: although fitting the Poisson distribution led to better results as compared to the lognormal distribution, word length in his data turned out not to be Poisson distributed, either Michel f. Finally, Grotjahn whose work will be discussed in more detail below cf. In doing so, let us first direct our attention to the 2-parameter model suggested by him, and then to his 3-parameter model.

In a similar way, two related 2-parameter distributions can be derived from the general model 2. It is exactly the latter distribution 2. Fucks has not systematically studied its relevance; still, it might be tempting to see what kind of results are yielded by this distribution for the data already analyzed above cf.

As in the case of the 1-displaced Poisson distribution, one has thus to ac- knowledge that the Fucks 2-parameter 1-displaced Dacey-Poisson distribution is an adequate theoretical model only for a specific type of empirical distribu- tions. This leads to the question whether the Fucks 3-parameter distribution is more adequate as an overall model. It would lead too far, here, to go into details, as far as their derivation is concerned.

Consequently, three solutions are obtained, not all of which must necessarily be real solutions. With this in mind, let us once again analyze the data of Table 2. The results obtained can be seen in Table 2.

It can clearly be seen that in some cases, quite reasonably, the results for the 3-parameter model are better, as compared to those of the two models discussed above. From the results represented in Table 2. These violations can be of two kinds: a.

However, some of the problems met might be related to the specific way of estimating the parameters suggested by him, and this might be the reason why other authors following him tried to find alternative ways.

Cercvadze, G. As opposed to most of his German papers, Fucks had discussed his generalization at some length in this English synopsis of his work, and this is likely to be the reason why his approach received much more attention among Russian-speaking scholars. We need not go into details, here, as far as the derivation of the Fucks dis- tribution and its generating function is concerned cf.

Unfortunately, Piotrovskij et al. Based on the standard Poisson distribution, as represented in 2. Based on these assumptions, the following special cases are obtained for 2. These analyses comprised nine Polish literary texts, or segments of them, and the results of these analyses indeed proved their approach to be successful.

For the sake of comparison, Table 2. A closer look at these data shows that the Polish text samples are relatively homogeneous: for all texts, the dispersion quotient is in the interval 0. The authors analyzed Croatian data from two corpora, each consisting of several literary works and a number of news- paper articles. The data of one of the two samples are represented in Table 2. Frequency observed Poisson 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Syllables per word Figure 2.

Rather, it is of methodological interest to see how the authors dealt with the data. Guided by the conclusion supported by the graphical representation of Figure 2. Still, there remain at least two major theoretical problems: 1. No interpretation is given as to why the weighting modification is necessary: is this a matter of the specific data structure, is this specific for Croatian language products?

As the re-analyses presented in the preceding chap- ters have shown, neither the standard Poisson distribution nor any of its straight forward modifications can be considered to be an adequate model. Grotjahn, in his attempt, opened the way for new perspectives: he not only showed that the Poisson model per se might not be an adequate model; fur- thermore, he initiated a discussion concentrating on the question whether one overall model could be sufficient when dealing with word length frequencies of different origin.

As a starting point, Grotjahn analyzed seven letters by Goethe, written in , and tested in how far the 1-displaced Poisson distribution would prove to be an adequate model.

As was pointed out above cf. However, of the concrete data analyzed by Grotjahn, only some satisfied this condition; others clearly did not, the value of d ranging from 1. In a way, this conclusion paved the way for a new line of research.

After decades of concentration on the Poisson distribution, Grotjahn was able to prove that this model alone cannot be adequate for a general theory of word length distribution. On the basis of this insight, Grotjahn further elaborated his ruminations. Although every single word thus may well follow a Poisson distribution, this assumption does not necessarily imply the premise that the probability is one and the same for all words; rather, it depends on factors such as linguistic context, theme, etc.

Grotjahn 56ff. Thus, the so-called negative binomial distribution 2. Therefore, as Grotjahn 71f. With his approach, Grotjahn thus additionally succeeded in integrating earlier research, both on the geometric and the Poisson distributions, which had failed to be adequate as an overall valid model.

The data are reproduced in Table 2. Poisson d. The results are graphically repre- sented in Figure 2. History and Methodology of Word Length Studies 65 f x neg. Poisson 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 2. Still, it is tempting to see in how far the negative binomial distribution is able to model the data of nine languages, given by Fucks cf.

Their discussion is of unchanged importance, still today, since many more recent studies in this field do not seem to pay sufficient attention to the ideas expressed almost a decade ago. Before discussing these important reflections, one more model should be discussed, however, to which attention has recently been directed by Kromer a,b,c; In this case, we are concerned with the Poisson-uniform distribution, also called Poisson-rectangular distribution cf.

In his approach, Kromer a derived the Poisson-uniform distribution along a different theoretical way, which need not be discussed here in detail. With regard to formula 2. It would be too much, here, to completely derive the two relevant equa- tions anew. It may suffice therefore to say that the first equation can easily be derived from 2. Best, in turn, had argued in favor of the negative binomial distribution discussed above, as an adequate model.

The results obtained for these data need not be presented here, since they can easily be taken from the table given by Kromer a: These data have been repeatedly analyzed above, among others with regard to the negative binomial distribution cf.

Using the method of moments, it turns out that in four of the nine cases Esperanto, Arabic, Latin, and Turkish , no acceptable solutions are obtained. Now, what is the reason for no satisfying results being obtained, according to the method of moments? Empirically, this is proven by the results represented in Table 2. History and Methodology of Word Length Studies 71 Poisson-uniform distribution suggested by Kromer personal communication shall be demonstrated here; it is relevant for those cases when parameter a con- verges with parameter b in equation 2.

Parameter I, according to him, expresses something like the specifics of a given language i. Unfortunately, most of the above-mentioned papers Kromer b,c; have the status of abstracts, rather than of complete papers; as a consequence, only scarce empirical data are presented which might prove the claims brought forth on a broader empirical basis.

If his assumption should bear closer examination on a broader empirical basis, this might as well explain why we are concerned here with a mixture of two distributions. However, one must ask the question, why it is only the rectangular distribution which comes into play here, as one of two components. Strangely enough, it is just the Poisson-uniform distribution, which converges to almost no other distribution, not even to the Poisson distribution, as can be seen above for details, cf.

This discussion was initiated by Grotjahn and Altmann as early as in , and it seems impor- tant to call to mind the most important arguments brought forth some ten years ago.

Yet, only recently systematic studies have been un- dertaken to solve just the methodological problems by way of empirical studies. Nevertheless, most of the ideas discussed — Grotjahn and Alt- mann combined them in six groups of practical and theoretical problems — are of unchanged importance for contemporary word length studies, which makes it reasonable to summarize at least the most important points, and comment on them from a contemporary point of view.

The problem of the unit of measurement. In other words: There can be no a priori decision as to what a word is, or in what units word length can be measured. Meanwhile, in contemporary theories of science, linguistics is no exception to the rule: there is hardly any science which would not acknowledge, to one degree or another, that it has to define its object, first, and that constructive processes are at work in doing so. The relevant thing here is that measuring is made possible, as an important thing in the construction of theory.

What has not yet been studied is whether there are particular dependencies between the results obtained on the basis of different measurement units; it goes without saying that, if they exist, they are highly likely to be language- specific. Also, it should be noted that this problem does not only concern the unit of measurement, but also the object under study: the word.

It is not even the problem of compound words, abbreviation and acronyms, or numbers and digits, which comes into play here, or the distinction between word forms and lexemes lemmas — rather it is the decision whether a word is to be defined on a graphemic, orthographic-graphemic, or phonological level. The population problem. Again, as to these questions, there are hardly any systematic studies which would aim at a comparison of results obtained on an empirical basis.

However, there are some dozens of different types of letters, which can be proven to follow different rules, and which even more clearly differ from other text types. The goodness-of-fit problem. Rather, the question is, what is a small text, and where does a large text start? History and Methodology of Word Length Studies 75 d. The problem of the interrelationship of linguistic properties. What they have in mind are in- tralinguistic factors which concern the synergetic organization of language, and thus the interrelationship between word length factors such as size of the dictionary, or the phoneme inventory of the given language, word frequency, or sentence length in a given text to name but a few examples.

As soon as the interest shifts from language, as a more or less abstract system, to the object of some real, fictitious, imagined, or even virtual communicative act, between some producer and some recipient, we are not concerned with language, any more, but with text. Consequently, there are more factors to be taken into account forming the boundary conditions, factors such as author- specific, or genre-dependent conditions. Ultimately, we are on the borderline here, between quantitative linguistics and quantitative text analysis, and the additional factors are, indeed, more language-related than intralinguistic in the strict sense of the word.

It should be mentioned, however, that very little is known about such factors, and systematic work on this problem has only just begun. The modelling problem. As can be seen, the aim may be different with regard to the particular research object, and it may change from case to case; what is of crucial relevance, then, is rather the question of interpretability and explanation of data and their theoretical modelling. The problem of explanation. Consequently, in order to obtain an explanation of the nature of word length, one must discover the mechanism generating it, hereby taking into account the necessary boundary conditions.

Thus far, we cannot directly concentrate on the study of particular boundary conditions, since we do not know enough about the general system mechanism at work. Consequently, contemporary research involves three different kinds of orientation: first, we have many bottom-up oriented, partly in the form of ad-hoc solutions for particular problems, partly in the form of inductive research; second, we have top-down oriented, deductive research, aiming at the formulation of general laws and models; and finally, we have much exploratory work, which may be called abductive by nature, since it is characterized by constant hypothesis testing, possibly resulting in a modification of higher-level hypotheses.

In this framework, it is not necessary to know the probabilities of all individual frequency classes; rather, it is sufficient to know the relative difference between two neighboring classes, e. Ultimately, this line of research has in fact provided the most important research impulses in the s, which shall be discussed in detail below. In their search for relevant regularities in the organization of word length, Wimmer et al.

Wimmer et al. This model was already discussed above, in its 1-displaced form 2. It has also been found to be an adequate model for word length frequencies from a Slovenian frequency dictionary Grzybek After corresponding re-parametrizations, these modifications result in well-known distribution models. In , Wimmer et al. The set of word length classes is organized as a whole, i. Now, different distributions may be inserted for j.

Thus, inserting the Borel distribution cf. The parameters a and b of the GPD are independent of each other; there are a number of theoretical restrictions for them, which need not be discussed here in detail cf. Irrespective of these restrictions, already Wimmer et al. These observations are supported by recent studies in which Stadlober analyzed this distribution in detail and tested its adequacy for linguistic data.

Stadlober As can be seen, the results are good or even excellent in all cases; in fact, as opposed to all other distributions discussed above, the Consul-Jain GPD is able to model all data samples given by Fucks. It can also be seen from Table 2. In this respect, i. As to this problem, it seems however important to state that this is not a problem specifically related to the GPD; rather, any mixture of distributions will cause the very same problems. In this respect, it is important that other distributions which imply no mixtures can also be derived from 2.

It would go beyond the frame of the present article to discuss the various extensions and modifications in detail here. As a result, there seems to be increasing reason to assume that there is in- deed no unique overall distribution which might cover all linguistic phenom- ena; rather, different distributions may be adequate with regard to the material studied.

This assumption has been corroborated by a lot of empirical work on word length studies from the second half of the s onwards. Best More often than not, the relevant analyses have been made with specialized software, usually the Altmann Fitter. This is an interactive computer pro- gram for fitting theoretical univariate discrete probability functions to empirical frequency distributions; fitting starts with the common point estimates and is optimized by way of iterative procedures.

There can be no doubt about the merits of such a program. Now, the door is open for inductive research, too, and the danger of arriving at ad-hoc solutions is more virulent than ever before. What is important, therefore, at present, is an abductive approach which, on the one hand, has theory-driven hypotheses at its background, but which is open for empirical findings which might make it necessary to modify the theoretical assumptions.

In addition to the C values of the discrepancy coefficient, the values for parameters a and b as a result of the fitting are given. As can be seen, fitting results are really good in all cases. As to the data analyzed, at least, the hyper-Poisson distribution should be taken into account as an alternative model, in addition to the GDP, suggested by Stadlober Comparing these two models, a great advantage of the GPD is the fact that its reference value can be very easily calculated — this is not so convenient in the case of the hyper-Poisson distribution.

On the other hand, the generation of the hyper-Poisson distribution does not involve any secondary distribution to come into play; rather, it can be directly derived from equation 2. In its 1-displaced form, equation 2. To summarize, we can thus state that the synergetic approach as developed by Wimmer et al. Generally speaking, the authors understand their contribution to be a logical extension of their synergetic approach, unifying previous assumptions and empirical findings.

The individual hypotheses belonging to the proposed system have been set up earlier; they are well-known from empirical research of the last decades, and they are partly derived from different approaches. Specifically, Wimmer et al. History and Methodology of Word Length Studies 85 it is confined to the first four terms of formula 2. Many distributions can be derived from 2. It can thus be said that the general theoretical assumptions implied in the synergetic approach has experienced strong empirical support.

One may object that this is only one of possible alternative models, only one theory among others. However, thus far, we do not have any other, which is as theoretically sound, and as empirically supported, as the one presented. On the other hand, hardly any systematic studies have been undertaken to empirically study pos- sible influencing factors, neither as to the data basis in general i.

Ultimately, the question, what may influence word length frequencies, may be a bottomless pit — after all, any text production is an historically unique event, the boundary conditions of which may never be reproduced, at least not completely.

Still, the question remains open if particular factors may be detected, the relevance of which for the distribution of word length frequencies may be proven. This point definitely goes beyond a historical survey of word length studies; rather, it directs our attention to research desires, as a result of the methodolog- ical discussion above.

A, ; — Best, Karl-Heinz ed. Brainerd, Barron Weighing evidence in language and literature: A statistical approach. In general, the statistics record the physical movement of merchandise between the United States and foreign countries.

The statistics used to compile the merchandise trade balance exclude the following types of transactions: a. United States trade with U. Virgin Islands. Merchandise shipped in transit through the United States from one foreign country to another.

Shipments to the U. Armed Forces, including post exchanges, for their own use, as well as U. Armed Forces for their own use. Monetary gold and silver. Issued monetary coins in current circulation of all component metals. Bunker fuels and other supplies and equipment for use on departing vessels, planes, or other carriers engaged in foreign trade.

Shipments of furniture, equipment and supplies to U. Imports of articles repaired under warranty. Some other transactions not considered to be of sta- tistical importance, such as shipments of personal and household effects of travelers and certain temporary exports and imports. Imports Exports Published information on U. Customs’ Automated Commercial System.

Data are compiled also from import entry summary forms, warehouse withdrawal forms and Foreign Trade Zone documents as required by law to be filed with the U. Customs Service. Data on imports of electricity and natural gas from Canada are obtained from Canadian sources.

Exports measure the total physical movement of mer- chandise out of the United States to foreign countries whether such merchandise is exported from within the U. Customs territory or from a U. Customs bonded warehouse or a U. Foreign Trade Zone. The following are examples of some types of shipments which are included in the statistics but are of such a nature that their inclusion merits separate mention: a.

Foreign military sales. Shipments of commodities for economic assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act. Totals for exports under this program are published quarterly or as they become available.

Shipments of agricultural commodities under P. Totals for exports under this program are published as the data become available from the Department of Agriculture. Additional information may be obtained from the Eco- nomic Research Service of the Department of Agricul- ture.

Sales of U. Satellites launched by U. Domestic Exports Exports of domestic merchandise include commodities which are grown, produced or manufactured in the United States, and commodities of foreign origin which have been changed in the United States, including U. Foreign Trade Zones, from the form in which they were imported, or which have been enhanced in value by further manufac- ture in the United States.

Foreign Exports Re-exports Exports of foreign merchandise re-exports , consist of commodities of foreign origin which have entered the United States for consumption or into Customs bonded warehouses or U. Foreign Trade Zones, and which, at the time of exportation, are in substantially the same condition as when imported. For statistical purposes, imports are classified by the type of transaction.

Merchandise entered for immediate consumption, “duty free” merchandise and merchandise on which duty is paid on arrival b. Merchandise withdrawn for consumption from Cus- toms bonded warehouses, and U. Foreign Trade Zones. Merchandise entered into Customs bonded warehouses and U. Foreign Trade Zones from foreign countries. Bonded Warehouses Bonded warehouses are authorized by U.

Customs for storage or manufacturing of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are removed into Cus- toms Territory. These goods are not subject to duties if reshipped to foreign points.

Customs with facili- ties for handling, storing, manipulating, manufacturing, and exhibiting goods. The merchandise may be exported, destroyed, or sent into Customs territory from the zone, in the original package or otherwise.

It is subject to Customs duties if sent into Customs territory, but not if reshipped to foreign points. Imports con- taining U. Articles of metal manufactured in the United States, which were exported for further processing abroad and returned to the United States for more processing. Articles assembled abroad from components produced in the United States, except textile articles entered under a Special Access Program or Special Regime.

General Imports “General Imports” measure the total physical arrivals of merchandise from foreign countries, whether such mer- chandise enters consumption channels immediately or is entered into bonded warehouses or Foreign Trade Zones under Customs custody.

Many countries use the term “special imports” to designate statistics compiled on this basis. Customs Service releases the merchandise to the importer. The month of exportation is based on the date when the merchandise leaves the United States. For vessel or air shipments, it is the date when the carrier departs or is cleared from the port of export. The use of the end-use commodity classification sys- tem for seasonal adjustment ensures methodological consistency with the quarterly adjusted balance of trade data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis BEA and reflects the BEA coding descriptions which combine data into broad categories based upon principal uses of the commodities.

The Summary of U. Export and Import Merchandise Trade FT for each month includes revisions for carryover to the prior month’s aggregate unadjusted and seasonally adjusted current and constant dollar export, import and trade balance figures as well as to the end-use totals.

These revisions do not appear in other foreign trade reports. Tables of the seasonal factors are available free of charge from the Foreign Trade Division. Historical data as well as the detailed unadjusted and adjusted data are available on a cost basis on either hard copy or diskette. See discussion of Valuation below.

This balance corresponds to a mea- surement of the international payments or credit flows resulting from the physical movement of goods between the U. Monthly balances are based on seasonally adjusted data. These detailed data are then summed to the 1 -digit level for release with the monthly merchandise trade totals.

The BEA supplements these data in the NIPAs with quarterly adjustments for six of the end-use cate- gories which exhibit seasonality on a quarterly basis but not on a monthly basis. The 1 -digit level end-use categories provide data for the following broad aggregates: 1 Foods, feeds, and beverages ; 2 Industrial supplies and materials; 3 Capital goods, except automotives; 4 Automotive vehi- cles, parts and engines; 5 Consumer goods nonfood , except auto; and 6 Other merchandise.

This seasonal adjustment procedure is designed to reflect seasonal patterns at the most detailed commodity levels. The adjustment is made at that end-use commodity level for which significant stable seasonality is identified.

This is a requirement of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of Publication of these additional data improves the ability of users to examine trends in import and export volumes. Because merchandise trade is volatile, cumulations of data over at least a three-month period are recommended in order to identify underlying trends. These deflators are based upon price indexes and deflators produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, BEA, and other sources.

All series are adjusted at the lowest possible end-use level. Department of Commerce K Street, N. It is computed by adding “Import Charges” to the “Customs Value” see definitions above and therefore excludes U. Customs Service in accordance with the legal requirements of the Tariff Act of 1 , as amended.

This value is generally defined as the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U. The term “price actually paid or payable” means the total payment whether direct or indirect, and exclusive of any costs, charges, or expenses incurred for transportation, insurance, and related services incident to the international shipment of the merchandise from the country of exportation to the place of importation in the United States made, or to be made, for imported merchandise by the buyer to, or for the benefit, of the seller.

In the case of transactions between related parties, the relationship between buyer and seller should not influ- ence the Customs value. In those instances where assistance was furnished to a foreign manufacturer for use in producing an article which is imported into the United States, the value of the assis- tance is required to be included in the value reported for the merchandise. Such “assists” include both tangible and intangible assistance, such as machinery, tools, dies and molds, blue prints, copyrights, research and development, and engineering and consulting services.

If the value of these “assists” is identified and separately reported, it is subtracted from the value during statistical processing. However, where it is not possible to isolate the value of “assists”, they.

In these cases the unit values may be increased due to the inclusion of such “assists”. Import Charges The import charges represent the aggregate cost of all freight, insurance, and other charges excluding U. In the case of overland shipments originating in Canada or Mexico, such costs include freight, insurance, and all other charges, costs and expenses incurred in bringing the merchandise from the point of origin where the merchandise begins its journey to the United States in Canada or Mexico to the first port of entry.

Dutiable Value of Imports and Calculated Duty The “dutiable value” represents, in general, the Cus- toms value of foreign merchandise imported into the United States which is subject to duty.

The “Calculated duty” represents the estimated import duties collected. Esti- mated duties are calculated based on the applicable rate s of duty as shown in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Pur- poses. See Section II Reference Aids of this Guide for a list of rate provision codes which indicate the free or dutiable status of merchandise imported into the United States.

The value, as defined, excludes the cost of loading the merchandise aboard the exporting carrier and also excludes freight, insurance, and any charges or trans- portation costs beyond the port of exportation. Exports to Canada The use of Canada’s import data to produce U.

Canadian imports are valued at the point of origin in the U. To compensate, Canada adds an estimated 4. Average monthly exchange rates as quoted by the Federal Reserve Board are applied to adjust the Canadian import data to U. A formula for converting U. Schedule B is a U. International Trade Com- mission. The United States and Canada both compile their mer- chandise trade statistics in terms of the Harmonized Sys- tem; however, they have different annotations beyond the basic 6-digit codes.

Approximately 80 percent of the U. Schedule B export classifications are directly comparable to Canadian import classifications. These classifications account for percent of the total value of U. Many of the remaining 20 percent of the Schedule B classifica- tions represent little or no trade with Canada. In these cases, the Canada import code is recoded to a single Schedule B, usually the class with the most trade or the residual classification for the root 6-digit Harmonized Sys- tem code.

There are some instances where the U. In these cases each statistical agency may classify under the 6-digit code designated by its national Customs agency. Efforts by the U. The SITC is a statistical classification of the commodi- ties entering external trade designed to provide the com- modity aggregates needed for purposes of economic anal- ysis and to facilitate the international comparison of trade- by-commodity data.

The rearrangement of import and export data reported in terms of the Harmonized System into the SITC allows for an additional means of comparison between the U. Manufactured goods conform to the SITC sections that include chemicals and related products, n. The rearrangement of the import and export data into a structure related to the statistical classification of products by industry facilitates the comparison of the U.

These categories are used in developing seasonally adjusted and constant dollar totals. The concept of end-use demand was developed for balance of payments purposes by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

See discussion of Seasonal Adjustment. Agricultural and Nonagricultural Commodities Agricultural commodities consist of nonmarine food products, natural fibers, unmanufactured tobacco, and other farm products subject to federal legislation such as Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Some processed agricultural commodities are included if the value added by manufacturing accounts for less than 50 percent of the final value of shipments as reported in the latest Census of Manufactures.

Examples of processed agricultural commodities include cereal flours, dairy prod- ucts, canned meats, canned fruits and vegetables, vege- table oils, animal hides, fur pelts, wine, and beer.

Textiles, leather products, distilled beverages, forestry, and fishery products are classified as nonagricultural commodities. The code contains products whose technology is from a recognized high technology field e.

These products represent leading edge technology in that field. Such products constitute a significant part of all items covered in the selected classification code. This product and commodity-based measure of advanced technology differs from broader SIC industry-based mea- sures which include all commodities produced by a partic- ular industry group, regardless of the level of technology embodied in the commodities.

Foreign Trade Statistics, the system used for publishing both import and export country statis- tics. Schedule C is arranged in geographic order according to continents. Countries and territories are listed in sequence within each continent, generally from north to south and west to east.

See discussion of the designation for Unidentified Countries under Statistical Presentation below. Customs Regulations. In instances where the country of origin cannot be determined, transactions are credited to the country of shipment. Certain foreign trade reports show country subcodes to indicate special tariff treatment afforded some imported articles. Statistical Presentation Abbreviated country designations are used in lieu of complete country names in the foreign trade program.

Numerical codes are used for automated purposes. Alpha- betic abbreviations are used for published reports. The designation UNIDENT Unidentified Countries in the export statistics, reflects shipments of certain grains and oilseeds for storage in Canada but ultimately destined for third countries, the specific country of ultimate desti- nation being unknown at the time of shipment. This is not a part of the U. Annually, by Special Announcement, based on information supplied by the U.

Department of Agriculture, specific country of destination information on exports of such grains and oilseeds is published. This designation also includes satel- lites launched in the United States on behalf of interna- tional organizations.

The major world areas for which foreign trade data are shown represent individual Schedule C countries or group- ings of several countries into geographic areas or economic unions.

See Section 10 on Country Groupings. If the shipper does not know the country of ultimate destination, the shipment is credited to the last country to which the shipper knows that the merchandise Quantity Units of quantity shown are published in terms of the units specified in the HTSUSA and Schedule B for each classification. Shipping weight information is available for shipments by vessel and air only. The geo- graphical limits of each district are published in the U. District of Exportation a.

Vessel or air – the Customs district in which the merchandise is loaded on the vessel or aircraft which takes the merchandise out of the country. Rail, truck, pipeline, or other overland transportation – the Customs district through which the merchandise crosses the U. Aircraft exported under their own power are credited to the Customs district from which they are flown out of the United States.

Vessels under their own power or afloat imports and exports b. Low-valued imports and exports See discussion of Low-Valued Statistics below c. Mail shipments exports only d. See discussion of Customs Districts under Sources of Error. This may not be, necessarily, the state where the merchandise is grown, produced or manufac- tured nor necessarily the actual location of the exporter. In the case of consolidated shipments, it is the state of the commodity of greatest value or the state of consolidation.

Foreign Trade Zone shipments are included in the U. A separate Foreign Trade Zone total is shown for reference only. Import District of Unlading The district where merchandise is unloaded from the importing vessel or aircraft. Statistical Presentation Abbreviated Customs district designations are used instead of complete names in the foreign trade program.

The estimates for low- valued shipments are shown under a single Schedule B number and are omitted from the statistics for the detailed commodity classifications. As a result of the data exchange between the U. The Canadian import exemption level is based on total value per shipment rather than value per commodity clas- sification line item.

Prior to data exchange each month, the U. The remaining items, i. Such shipments repre- sent 2 percent of the monthly value of U. Imports and exports of a vessels moving under their own power or afloat and b aircraft flown into or out of the United States are included in the “all methods” data but excluded from the vessel and air statistics.

Mail and parcel post shipments including those trans- ported by vessel or air are included in the “all meth- ods” data but excluded from the vessel and air statis- tics. Low-value shipments are included in the “all meth- ods” data but excluded from the vessel and air statis- tics. The estimates for low-valued shipments are shown under a single HTS number.

They are omitted from the statistics for the individual commodity classifications. The total value excluded represents slightly less than 1 percent of the monthly import value. Waterborne statistics are presented in terms of type of service: 1 liner; 2 irregular or tramp; and 3 tanker.

Liner service is that type of service offered by a regular line operator of vessels on berth. The itineraries and sailing schedules of vessels in liner service are predetermined and fixed. Irregular or tramp service is that type of service afforded by vessels, other than tanker vessels, that are chartered or otherwise hired for the carriage of goods on special voy- ages.

Vessels in this type of service are not on berth and their sailing schedules are not predetermined or fixed. Tanker vessels are primarily designed for the carriage of liquid cargoes in bulk.

All others are classified as dry cargo. In some instances, shipments between the United States and countries abroad enter or depart through Canada or Mexico. Such shipments are recorded under the method of transportation by which they enter or depart the United States regardless of the transportation mode between Canada or Mexico and the country of origin or destination.

There are some differences in the coverage of these statistics, primarily as follows: a. The data for “all methods of transportation” include exports and general imports by vessel, air, truck, rail, air mail, parcel post, and other methods of transporta- tion.

The data for vessel and air exports and general imports represent waterborne and airborne shipments only merchandise actually leaving or arriving in the United States aboard a vessel or an aircraft. Shipments of merchandise transported in bond through the United States en route from one foreign country to another without having been entered as an import are called in-transit shipments. The in-transit statistics include only inbound or outbound merchandise moving by vessel.

Vessel entrances and clearances by Customs district are published monthly. Virgin Islands and other U. Data on shipments from the U. Virgin Islands, and 3 from other U. Foreign Trade Statistics. Previous discussions and definitions relating to the export statistics should be applied to statistics on shipments from the United States to Puerto Rico and the U. Similarly, previous discussions and definitions relat- ing to the import statistics should be applied to statistics on shipments from the U.

Cus- toms territory, and its trade with foreign countries is included in the U. Virgin Islands and foreign countries even though the Virgin Islands of the United States are not officially a part of the U. Customs terri- tory. Data on trade of other U. See the explanation of low-valued data above. There are several causes of carryover.

Among them is the Customs procedure which allows importers to file import documentation up to ten workdays after the date of release of the merchandise. Processing problems such as rejection of a shipment because the data failed to meet certain edit criteria established to protect the accuracy of the statistics also contribute to carryover.

The current carryover rate is 0. Each month, in the Summary of U. Export and Import Merchandise Trade FT only, the total import, export and trade balance figures as well as the “end-use” totals for the prior month are adjusted for carryover.

SITC and country detail data are not revised. Estimated Calculated Duty Estimates of calculated duty do not necessarily reflect amounts of duty paid and should, therefore, be used with caution.

The figures may be somewhat overstated as a result of the inclusion in the figures of some U. In cases where articles are dutiable at various or special rates, a dutiable value is shown but no duty is calculated. Estimates of calculated duty are understated to the extent that these situations exist. Shipments Not Classified by Commodity Single classifications are provided for the following shipments without commodity detail: a. Exports of goods of Canadian origin being returned to Canada.

Exports of goods of other foreign origin being returned to Canada. Classifications other than those listed above exclude the information shown under these provisions and are under- counted to the extent that such shipments are made. It is possible that some shipments may not be classified by commodity see discussion above.

Data users are cautioned that comparison of U. Corrections, differ- ences in classification interpretation and in editing and processing environments make these comparisons uncer- tain. In addition, the comparison of data on U. These distortions may result from the availability of detailed data for undocumented exports to Canada which were previously estimated only at the total level. Distortions also may result from the changeover to the Harmonized System effective with the January 1 statistics.

When publication of data under a particular commodity classification causes disclosure of an individual firm’s trans- actions on a world-wide basis, it is sometimes necessary to combine several classifications into one. Even though the detail is reported it is published under the combined clas- sification, usually a pseudo classification. Country Designation Statistics tend to be overcounted for shipments to transshipment countries such as Hong Kong and the Neth- erlands and undercounted for other countries.

Further, since the export statistics reflect the country of destination only as known to the exporter at time of shipment, the statistics will not reflect any further distributions of the merchandise made after the shipment leaves the United States. Quantity When the statistics disclose a particular company’s shipments of a particular commodity to or from a specific country, it may be necessary to suppress quantity data.

Similarly, when disclosure occurs on a world-wide basis, it may be necessary to suppress quantity data for shipments of one commodity to or from all countries. Customs District Statistics for two or more Customs Districts may be combined and published under an arbitrary designation or shipping weight may be excluded from an individual Cus- toms District as a solution to disclosure situations. Conse- quently, statistics for individual ports may be understated due to the suppression of the weight of the affected commodities.

State Data The term “Not Specified” represents instances where exporters have reported more than one state of origin or where the designation “US” has been reported. Transac- tions originating in a Foreign Trade Zone for which no number or State designation is reported also are included under “Not Specified”.

Other designations are “Re-exports”, “Estimated Ship- ments,” and “Unreported”. Those shipments designated as “Re-exports” foreign exports are exports having a foreign country as the point of origin. The “Unreported” designation includes those cases where either no state of origin was reported or an undecipherable abbreviation was reported.

See the section entitled “Low-Valued Statistics” for a discussion of such shipments. These revisions will appear only in the Summary of U. Revisions to the import and export statistics in the form of errata are issued quarterly and are available free of charge upon request. These errata provide corrections to statistics issued in prior months’ foreign trade reports. The data are presented by statistical month in commod- ity number arrangement only.

The revisions are shown in commodity classification by country by Customs district order as net amounts to be added to or subtracted from the previously issued statistics. Shipments by all meth- ods of transportation combined are reflected. There are no separate data for shipments by vessel or by air. Annually, the Bureau of the Census publishes revised merchandise trade statistics for the prior year. These revisions include import and export data adjusted to eliminate carryover that small portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the trans- action month.

Reflected also in these statistics are the application of quarterly errata and other corrections to the published monthly data. The initial release of the statistics FT and certain reports include special announcements as warranted to call attention to the discovery of large or significant errors and to provide information on the appropriate data corrections and program changes. The Census Bureau receives revisions from Canada, however, our process does not permit corrections to detail for data previously published.

Therefore, the Bureau will make corrections for prior period transactions as changes to the cumulative-to-date total for U. The cost of the special work required to compile or duplicate the information from the basic data is charged to the subscriber.

There is a wide range in the costs for Census Bureau data made available to users, depending on the methods used and other factors. Foreign Trade Division FTD has implemented a number of improvements which provide quicker and better access to summary and detail trade data.

These data sources have provided the means to create customized responses and special reports for data users and customers for nominal fees. At any given time, the latest four statistical months’ and year-to-date data are accessible. The following programs which provide “standardized” reports are pro- vided: IM U.

General Imports see figure 1. Quantity, customs, and c. Vessel and air data are available. Current month and cumulative January to date. IM U. Imports for Consumption. Customs value and calculated duty are provided. EM U. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchan- dise. Presents harmonized Schedule B commod- ity by country of destination by customs district of exportation. Quantity, and f. Cur- rent month and cumulative January to date.

Figure 1. Report IM Page No. Requests for reports from earlier discs back to September 1 will be handled by Branch staff upon request. The first SITC database provides all months of the current statistical year and year-to-date trade data.

The database access programs are written for the user to access immediately on a display screen or to generate printed listings or computer files. The programs allow the user to create “custom” reports by selecting variable column headings. Reports can be generated using the following fields for any selected months or year-to-date: U. Exports Domestic f.

General Imports Customs value C. The reverse is also available. The user may create reports selecting any level of the SITC and then for any or all countries. This variable field and stub selec- tion option in the program allows for many “custom” reports.

Figure 2. Data is available as hard copy printed reports or as computer files. Fax service is also an option for the data user. End-Use Commodity Category Classification Databases End-use commodity category classification databases and access computer programs have been developed and are available on the FTD network for division staff to produce hard copy reports, and computer files.

The first End-use database provides all months of the current and previous statistical years and year-to-date trade data See figure 3. The second adds an option to generate a report for a specific country.

The database presents data for each month for the current statistical year and all months of the previous year. Year-to-date data is available for both years. The database access programs are written for the user to access imme- diately on a display screen or to generate printed listings or computer files. Reports can be generated using the following fields for any selected months or year-to-date: General imports customs or c.

Exports by State Database A U. The program provides options to produce various “standardized” reports for annual data for years through The user may produce reports for exports from any or all states to any or all countries by two-digit SIC See Figure 4.

Various world area groupings are also available. Exports by State Report Page No. Reports are available to data users on a fee basis from the Trade Data Services Branch. Imports Databank Database HTSUSA A computer program has been written to access the current and previous months imports databank database and is available on the FTD network for division staff to produce hard copy reports, computer files and electronic fax files.

The database also includes cumulative data. The following programs which provide “standardized” reports are pro- vided: IM1 45 U. Current and prior months and cumu- lative January to date. Current and prior months and cumulative January to date. Figure 5. Imports Report Page No. Country and district level data are available, but method of transporta- tion data are not.

Depending upon the data user’s requirements for special reports, generating these reports can be very expensive. Data is available as hard copy printed reports, or computer files. Fax service is also an option for the data user See Figure 6.

Figure 6. Total exports, F. The statistics are released in publications, hard copy reports, compact disc, and computer tape after 1 , no products are available on microfiche. Merchandise Trade This report presents the highly publicized import and export figures released by the Bureau of the Census each month about 45 days after the statistical month covered.

It is available on a subscription basis and contains informa- tion on domestic and foreign exports and general imports of merchandise by selected country and selected commod- ity groupings with merchandise trade balance by month and cumulative January to date.

A supplement is released one or two days after the FT release. Merchandise Trade: Selected Highlights Effective with data for December 1 , annual 1 totals this hard copy monthly report became available on a subscription basis through the Foreign Trade Division. The report contains a series of tables which provide information on exports, general imports and imports for consumption. The tables include data on U. Begin- ning with 1 , an annual edition will be issued which will include corrections to previously published data and elimi- nate “carry-over” that portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the transaction month.

This report presents both customs and c. Exports are pre- sented using f. Table 1 shows monthly and year-to-date value of exports, general imports, and imports for consumption by one-, two-, three-, four-, digit SITC commodity groupings. Table 2 presents monthly and year-to-date value of exports and general imports by five-digit SITC commodity by country. Waterborne Exports and General Imports This monthly printed report is available on a subscription basis through the Foreign Trade Division.

The report pre- sents information in terms of type of vessel service, U. An annual version is also issued. Data for quantity and unit of quantity is provided. The report presents exports f.

The sort for the report is Schedule B commodity by country. FT U. Trade with Puerto Rico and U. Possessions This report is prepared monthly and extracts are offered through the Foreign Trade Division. An annual publication is offered through the Government Printing Office. This report shows each territory by commodity, net quantity, value, vessel value and shipping weight, and air value and ship- ping weight information.

This report presents customs value information for general imports in terms of the SITC commodity classification. Exports are presented using f. The sort for table 1 is country by three-digit SITC commodity. Table 2 contains exports by country by two-digit SITC, including vessel and air totals. Table 3 contains general imports by country by two-digit SITC, including vessel and air totals.

This report presents both exports and general imports in the same tables. Data are presented for customs and c.

Bilingual Glossary ID card number immigration issuance of passport issuance of visa laissez-passers land location land office landing visas letter of appointment Machine Readable Passport MRP Machine Readable Visa MRV minor multiple entry nationality naturalization notary public official passport overseas consular official passport passport holder passport number permanent residence PR power of attorney principal signature property registration protection of compatriots purpose of travel R.

Bilingual Glossary customs duty customs union damage developed country developing country document of transportation economic blockade economic cooperation economic sanction embargo exchange arrangement exclusive economic zone export permit exports foreign aid foreign exchange reserves formal confirmation free trade free trade agreement free-trade area full employment gross domestic product GDP gross national product GNP illegal traffic import permit. Bilingual Glossary living resources manufacturing marine product marks of origin monopoly most-favored-nation status national treatment natural resources official language overseas development assistance ODA per capita GNP preferential rate primary product privateer prize re-export re-export certificate regional economic integration organization service sector SMEs subsidies Taiwan Overseas Volunteers Taiwan Youth Overseas Service technical assistance technical cooperation technical missions technology transfers trade deficit trade gap trade mark trade surplus transfer of technology transnational corporations volunteers Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Bilingual Glossary Anders gaan arbeiden, leven en Vrijen Apostolic Nunciature Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic penitentiary Asia-Europe Meeting Asian Study Centre, St. Bilingual Glossary Institut europen de Goconomie Institut franais des Relations internationales. Bilingual Glossary City of Richmond Hill Committees of the U. House of Representatives Committees of the U. Bilingual Glossary Enterprise Florida, Inc.

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Berlyne, D. Description Kilowatts Linear meter Liters Long tons. In compliancce approach, Template free download 2020 a derived the Poisson-uniform distribution along a different theoretical way, which need not be discussed here in detail. District Database This file provides customs district codes and their descrip- tions and abbreviations. These impressive figures showed that international trade was the most vigorous sector of the American economy in NJ Camden.

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